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Privacy & Security

MSK Shortener is built privacy-first. This page explains exactly what is — and isn't — stored when you create a link or click one.

For every short link created, the links row contains:

ColumnPurpose
short_codeThe public short ID (e.g. msk)
original_urlThe destination URL
password_hashbcrypt hash (cost 12) — only if a password was set
expires_atTimestamp after which the link returns "expired"
delete_tokenRandom 48-char token, shown only to the creator
click_countAnonymous counter, never linked to specific clicks
created_atCreation timestamp
created_ip_hashHMAC-SHA-256 of the creator's IP — used only for rate limiting

What is stored per click​

Each click on a short link adds an anonymized row to the clicks table:

ColumnExample value
link_idforeign key to the link
clicked_attimestamp
ip_hashHMAC-SHA-256(IP, IP_HASH_SECRET) — never reversed
referrerhost only, e.g. github.com (no path, no query)
browserfamily name from UA, e.g. Chrome
osfamily name from UA, e.g. Linux
device_typedesktop, mobile, or tablet

That's it. No full user agent, no full referrer URL, no plain-text IP, no cookies, no fingerprinting.

Click rows are tied to a link_id via ON DELETE CASCADE — when a link is deleted, all its clicks vanish too.

What is NOT stored​

  • No plain-text IP addresses. IPs are hashed with HMAC-SHA-256 using a server-side secret (IP_HASH_SECRET). Without the secret, the hashes cannot be reversed.
  • No GeoIP / country lookups. The application never queries any geolocation service.
  • No analytics. No Google Analytics, no Plausible, no Fathom, no Matomo — nothing.
  • No tracking cookies. The only cookie set by MSK Shortener is MSK_SHORTENER_LOCALE, which stores your language preference (de or en).
  • No third-party scripts. All assets are served from the same origin.
  • No referer logging at the app level beyond the host. The query string and full path are stripped before storage.
  • No user accounts / sessions / tokens. There is no users table, no sessions table, no JWT — nothing to leak.

How rate limiting works without IPs​

Rate limiting needs to identify "the same client" without storing identifiable information. The flow is:

  1. Take the requesting IP from X-Forwarded-For (set by Apache) or the socket address.
  2. Compute HMAC-SHA-256(ip, IP_HASH_SECRET).
  3. Store the hash in an in-memory sliding window of recent requests.

Because the secret is generated per-installation (openssl rand -hex 32), even an attacker with full database access cannot reverse hashes back to IP addresses.

The in-memory bucket resets on every restart, so even the rate-limit state is short-lived.

SSRF protection​

URLs that point at private or loopback addresses are rejected at creation time. This prevents your shortener from being abused as a bounce point into internal networks. Blocked ranges:

  • 127.0.0.0/8 (loopback)
  • 0.0.0.0, ::1, localhost
  • 10.0.0.0/8 (RFC 1918)
  • 172.16.0.0/12 (RFC 1918)
  • 192.168.0.0/16 (RFC 1918)
  • 169.254.0.0/16 (link-local / cloud metadata)

Only http:// and https:// schemes are accepted — no file://, gopher://, ftp://, etc.

Password protection​

Passwords are hashed with bcrypt at cost 12 before storage. The plain-text password is never persisted.

Verification has two safeguards:

  1. Generic error messages. The API returns the same 401 for wrong password and non-existent link — preventing enumeration of which short codes are protected.
  2. Brute-force throttling. Verify attempts are rate-limited to 10 per 5 minutes per IP hash.

Expiration & cleanup​

All links can have an expires_at timestamp. The redirect route checks this on every request and shows the expired view if it has passed.

A nightly cron job (scripts/cleanup.ts) runs DELETE FROM links WHERE expires_at < NOW() to physically remove expired rows. The default schedule is 03:30 server time. The ON DELETE CASCADE on the clicks table ensures associated click data is also removed.

Database backups​

The included backup.sh script creates a daily SQL dump (default: 03:00) with 14-day retention. Backups contain everything in the database, including hashed IPs and password hashes — but not plain text IPs or passwords.

You are responsible for storing backups securely. Consider:

  • Encrypting the dump at rest (gpg --symmetric)
  • Sending it off-site (rsync, S3 with SSE, restic to Backblaze, …)
  • Restricting filesystem permissions on the backup directory

CSP and security headers​

MSK Shortener ships with strict Content Security Policy and other headers via next.config.ts:

Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'self'; ...
Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=63072000; includeSubDomains; preload
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
Referrer-Policy: strict-origin-when-cross-origin
X-Frame-Options: DENY
Permissions-Policy: camera=(), microphone=(), geolocation=()

The Apache vhost also enforces HTTPS, OCSP stapling, and modern TLS ciphers.

Reporting a vulnerability​

Found a security issue? Please report it via:

Please do not open public GitHub issues for security problems — give us a chance to fix and disclose responsibly.

Open source​

MSK Shortener is licensed under AGPL-3.0-or-later. You can read every line of the source on GitHub and verify these claims yourself. If you modify the code and run a modified version as a network service, the AGPL requires you to publish your changes.